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An intellectual disability may mean difficulty communicating, learning, and retaining information. Different types of mental illness affect a person's thinking, emotional state and behaviours. Different types of sensory disabilities affect one or more senses; sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste or spatial awareness.
Types of disabilities There are many different types of disabilities such as intellectual, physical, sensory, and mental illness. A person may be born with a physical disability or acquire it in life due to an accident, injury, illness or as a side effect of a medical condition.
Examples of physical disability include cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, Carpal tunnel syndrome, amputations and spinal cord injuries. Physical disabilities can be caused by either hereditary, congenital or acquired reasons. A person with a hereditary or congenital physical disability has had the condition since birth, developed the condition because of inherited genetic problems, issues with muscle cells or the person suffered an injury during birth.
A person can acquire a physical disability due to a number of reasons. These can be severe accidents, brain injuries, infections, diseases and as a side effect of disorders and other medical conditions, such as a stroke and dementia.
There is a vast number of physical disabilities, each affecting people differently. Types include mobility impairment, visual impairment, hearing loss, chronic fatigue or pain and seizures. Musculoskeletal disability affects the joints, bones and muscles and includes loss or deformity of limbs, Osteogenesis imperfecta brittle bone disease and Muscular Dystrophy muscle weakness. These disabilities result in an inability to perform movements of body parts due to deformities, diseases or degeneration affecting the muscles or bones.
There are more than musculoskeletal conditions and each year, 20 per cent of people in the UK see a doctor because of a problem relating to it. Common examples of musculoskeletal disabilities include back and neck pain, osteoarthritis, fractures associated with bone fragility and inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis. Neuromusculoskeletal disability, defined as the inability to move affected body parts due to diseases, degeneration or disorder of the nervous system, resulting in physical disability.
Conditions that fall under Neuromusculoskeletal disabilities are cerebral palsy, spina bifida, stroke, spinal cord injury, head injury and poliomyelitis. Common causes of physical disabilities include arthritis, epilepsy, acquired brain injury and cerebral palsy.
Cerebral palsy occurs in young children and is a group of non-progressive disorders that damage the brain, causing impairment of motor function. Including associated disabilities such as intellectual and behavioural, a person with cerebral palsy usually has problems with movement and co-ordination. The development defect of the spinal canal may cause paralysis of the lower part of the body. Additionally, the person may lose bowel and bladder control as a result.
Acquired brain injuries are due to damage to the brain after birth and can be caused by a wide range of factors, including stroke, head injury, alcohol, drugs, lack of oxygen or various diseases such as cancer. This can cause the person to find it difficult to move certain parts of their body and struggle with daily activities.
Spinal cord injuries can result in total or partial impairment of sensory and motor functions in the body and limbs. A spinal cord injury can lead to paraplegia and tetraplegia, also known as quadriplegia.
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