Pest suppression. One of the reasons why there is an increased interest in managing syrphids in agricultural landscapes is that they contribute simultaneously to many ecosystem services. In addition to pollination, syrphids are efficient natural enemies of insect pests Fig. In addition to aphids, syrphid larva feed on thrips, leafhoppers, scales, psyllids, mealybugs, whiteflies and other soft bodied insects, and are commonly found on crops infested by aphids e.
They have also been noted as predators of small European corn borer and corn earworm larvae. A single syrphid larva can consume 20 to 30 aphids per day and up to during its development.
The syrphid, E. Because of the ecological nature of their very different life stages, syrphids can serve as well-rounded agricultural allies i.
On this point, syrphids have been shown to benefit strawberry plantings by consuming aphids aphid control during their larval stage and pollinating strawberry flowers enhancing yield at the adult stage. There has been considerable research on the responses of insect pollinators to disturbances caused by agricultural intensification, including loss and fragmentation of natural habitats, altered land use, reduced floral diversity and agri-chemical usage.
Syrphids appear to be less impacted by land use changes than bees, as many species are capable of using resources in highly altered habitats, including agricultural fields. However, due to recent losses of domesticated pollinators e. The diversity of life history strategies exhibited by non-bee pollinators such as syrphids necessitates an approach to conservation that may differ from those used to conserve bees. The efficacy of aphidophagous syrphids in controlling pests and the conservation of syrphids in general can be improved by planting different flowering plants in protected areas of landscapes.
Syrphids feed on pollen and nectar. Syrphids are especially attracted to flowering plants in the mustard and carrot families, to small-flowered herbs and to sweet alyssum. Studies have shown that planting sweet alyssum in collards and apple orchards increased the number of syrphid flies resulting in reduced aphid infestations and likely higher syrphid populations.
In addition to providing syrphids a source of nutrient and enhancing their abilty to suppress pest populations, creative use of flower strips and other vegetation may lead to better pollination of cash crops. Further, because the larval stages of some syrphid species develops on decaying matter, providing habitat for these species to develop e.
Finally, avoidance of broad spectrum insecticide usage will be of benefit, especially in flowering crops, as their use can be harmful to syrphids. For a long time, bees were considered the superior pollinators, and most other pollinator groups were relegated to agricultural and ecological studies. More recently, studies have shown that flies, and in particular syrphids aka hover- or flower-flies play an essential role in the pollination of wild and cultivated plants.
Moreover, unlike bees, syrphids have been shown to provide multiple ecosystem services, such as pest control and the degradation of decaying matter during their larval stages , as well as pollination in their adult stage. The few studies that exist on the evolution of syrphid populations indicate that many species are in decline and that some may be stable. Syrphid conservation plans should take into consideration their variable ecology, promoting the use of land management practices that support their larval and adult stages e.
Diptera fly with pollen on its back. Photo: ninfaj CC Among all fly families, a few stand out for their strong and widespread contributions to plant pollination: Syrphidae including syrphids and Bombyliidae bee-flies. Bombyliids or bee-flies The main focus of this article is on syrphids. Left: Hoverfly; right: bee-fly. Photos: J. Gallagher and J. Christopherson CC.
Syrphids aka hoverflies or flower-flies The family Syrphidae, which syrphids belong to is arguably the most recognized group of fly pollinators. Left: Marmalade hoverfly Episyrphus balteatus ; Right: Drone fly Eristalis sp — left and tricolored bumble bee Bombus ternarius — right. Photos: gailhampshire CC ; K. Syrphid pupa. Photo: K. Corn-feeding syrphid fly Toxomerus politus. Photo: R. Crook CC Flower selection The flower preferences of adult syrphids, and their role in pollination is not well known for many species.
Ecosystem services Pollination. Syrphid fly visiting Solidago virgaurea flowers. Photo: T. A large number of wild food plants, numerous medicinal plants and cultivated garden plants are aided from fly pollination as well. If you love chocolate, then you love flies. Flies are essential for pollinating flowers of the cocoa tree. Some of the other fruits and vegetables flies help pollinate include: pears, apples, strawberries, cherries, plums, apricots, peaches, rowanberries, raspberries, blackberries, roses, mangoes, fennel, coriander, caraway, kitchen onions, parsley, carrots, and many more.
Compared to bees, which must provision a nest with floral food, adult flies have low energy requirements.
Although this makes flies less devoted to the task of moving quickly between flowers, it also frees them to bask in flowers and remain active at low temperatures.
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